There are innumerable singularities in the evolution of life, ranging from those that bind all life on earth to those that constrain only a limited number of species. Singularities here refer to characteristics that are fixed to a single design in actual organisms, even though other designs could have been considered possible.
Some of these singularities are the result of entirely chance, and if we were to rewind the earth's clock back millions of years and start evolution all over again, life would probably evolve to different results, while others would reach the same characteristics with high probability no matter how many times evolution is repeated.
The approach (or mission) of the life sciences to elucidate subjects that include such "accidental results" without eliminating them is distinct from the high-road of natural science, which is centered on physics with its idealization and formulation as its main objective.
In this course, we will take one singularity each session that is important and familiar to the life sciences and consider how it can be explained at the present time by reviewing academic papers that have contributed to its elucidation.